Gentrifying San Francisco Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Improving San Francisco - Research Paper Example This includes poor inhabitants being uprooted by rich and clever individuals (Corbyn 1). Networks that experience improvement are portrayed by an expansion in normal salary and a decline in the normal size of a family. Improvement can possibly influence the gay network in San Francisco through the dislodging of individuals, financial movements and social changes. One of the principle challenges that the gay network in San Francisco, California is confronting is improvement. Gay pioneers in powerful gay neighborhoods, for example, Castro dread that these districts are rapidly losing their personalities. As per Associated Press (2007), these districts are being populated by hetero couples. An inundation of hetero couples in these areas can be ascribed to the powers of improvement (Associated Press 1). Gay neighborhoods are progressively getting appealing to speculators and designers. The improvement banter depends on conversations around the removing of minority and poor people and families. These individuals are evacuated from their networks by government arrangements or designers. Various methodologies or speculations have been utilized to clarify the reason for improvement in San Francisco. There are five vital elements that have been ascribed to this pattern. These are social-social, segment biological, social developments, political-monetary and network systems. On account of segment natural, improvement has been credited to segment factors, for example, condition, social association, populace and innovation. This methodology clarifies the touchy increment in populace of individuals matured somewhere in the range of 25 and 35 years during the 1970s (Associated Press 1). Because of this expansion in populace, interest for lodging and luxuries likewise expanded. The second methodology that is utilized to clarify improvement is the social-social methodology. Th is methodology clarifies improvement dependent on suppositions, values, convictions, thoughts and

High Cost of Poverty in the United States Essay

Destitution can be characterized from multiple points of view. In specific endeavors, it very well may be utilized in numbers, while different definitions can be increasingly unclear, and used to characterize a way of life. The characterized term of neediness is â€Å"the condition of one who does not have a standard or socially satisfactory measure of cash or material possessions†. (Mirriam Webster, 2011) According to the U.S. Enumeration Bureau, in excess of 37 million individuals live underneath the destitution line. â€Å"The positions of America’s poor expand to very nearly 1 of every 6 individuals a year ago, arriving at another high as long haul joblessness left a large number of Americans battling and unemployed. The quantity of uninsured edged up to 49.9 million, the greatest in more than two decades.† (Yen, 2011) Poverty is clearly basic in our nation, and everywhere throughout the world. Indeed, even with the United States being the wealthiest nation o n the planet, we despite everything have numerous Americans who battle ordinarily to endure. The theme I decided to concentrate on is the significant expense of destitution, and how it really costs more to be poor. In spite of the fact that it appears to be an interesting expression, it is a practical point. I picked this subject since I have actually been associated with the two sides of financial statuses. Despite the fact that I don't live in outrageous destitution, I actually have a salary that falls inside the line of neediness, yet I don't have a family to help and have understudy advances to live off of. I needed to know further detail of how the individuals who just experience neediness, have restricted options, and how their impediments really cost them more cash. My own background is one from an upper working class family, and was brought up in a well off suburb in a predominately white network. My family never had money related battles, so I had no involvement in doing combating bills. I worked in secondary school and had my own cash, however I had nothing to pay for. I thought I made a not too bad measure of cash making $7 60 minutes, and just working 15-20 hours per week. For an individual without any bills or leases to pay for, $150-200 seven days was a ton to me. As of late, I moved out of my parent’s rural home and into the city to be nearer to class and increase some autonomy as a grown-up. I make about $250-400 per week, contingent upon the action of the eatery I server at. I before long understood that I am exceptionally reliant on my two flat mates to part bills and lease, since I would never bear to live all alone. In spite of the fact that we live in a low salary neighborhood, the expense of food, lease, electric, warmth and link charges stack up, and I battle to pay them. I additionally just compensation 33% of the full expense. I have a vehicle I have to place gas in, an exercise center participation I pay month to month and Visa charges each month. I presently perceive how individuals that make the same amount of, or short of what I do, battle much more to make a decent living when their salary is at the leader of the family. I needed to demonstrate to individuals that it is increasingly costly to be poor, due to the absence of assets, salary and credit, and furthermore what their choices become for endurance because of these conditions. I additionally did a quantitative report on leasing as opposed to possessing a thing, to show that it really costs more to lease something than to buy it forthright. I decided to test a similar three things from two unique stores, and recording the costs to see the distinctions of leasing and claiming it. I am mindful that most people in destitution, as a rule need more cash to buy things or homes forthright so they frequently lease them, figuring they can bear the cost of week after week or regularly scheduled installments to loosen up their pay to manage the cost of other life necessities. My first idea I decided to center was access to food. I pondered the amount I spend on the food I appreciate for only for me by and by, and I think it is costly. I appreciate products of the soil vegetables, brand name grains and costly breads. Since I grew up eating the specific brands, I proceed to attempt to bear the cost of the things I like. Being a person with a low salary, I can't envision supporting myself, however a family exclusively on my pay. In this exploration paper, I will clarify the hardships of getting to and from the supermarket, and on the off chance that you can't, you have to shop somewhere else, for example, corner stores.† Prices in urban corner stores are quite often higher, business analysts state. What's more, at times, costs in markets in less fortunate neighborhoods are higher. A considerable lot of these stores charge more on the grounds that the expense of working together in certain areas is higher.† [ (Brown, 2009) ] This can prompt investing additional energy, threat, stress, and at long last, costing the individual more cash. It additionally powers those with less cash to spend, higher hazard for stoutness. â€Å"Inequitable access to solid nourishments is one component by which financial variables impact the eating regimen and strength of a population†. (Drewnowski, 2009) Since they don't have the cash to bear the cost of solid decisions, they should pick nourishments that they can loosen up so as to take care of their families, regardless of whether it isn't sound. My next idea I decided to contemplate was the cost of the lowest pay permitted by law, and how it isn’t actually the base inclusion of standard living. In New York State, the lowest pay permitted by law is $7.25. â€Å"About 20% of American grown-ups who have employments are gaining under $10.65 60 minutes. Indeed, even at 40 hours per week, that adds up to under $22,314, which is the destitution level for a group of four†. [ (Isidore, 2011) ]. This just expresses a month to month pay of about $1,000-$2,000 is practically difficult to get by on. This may prompt awful credit, constrained into leasing, and having individuals do hazardous or crime to get cash or things for their families. The neediness rate for all individuals camouflages considerable variety among racial and ethnic subgroups. Neediness rates for blacks and Hispanics enormously surpass the national normal. As per the United States Census Bureau, â€Å"In 2010, 27.4 percent of blacks and 26.6 percent of Hispanics were poor, contrasted with 9.9 percent of non-Hispanic whites and 12.1 percent of Asians.† (Bureau of the Census, 2011) Poverty rates are regularly the most noteworthy for families headed by single ladies, especially on the off chance that they are dark or Hispanic. â€Å"In 2010, 31.6 percent of family units headed by single ladies were poor, while 15.8 percent of families headed by single men and 6.2 percent of wedded couple families lived in poverty.† (Bureau of the Census, 2011). â€Å"The official destitution level is a yearly salary of $22,314 for a group of four â€Å". (Yen, 2011) By and large, contingent upon the size of a family, a family living in destitution has a normal salary of under $20,000. This can incorporate couples with youngsters, single guardians with at least one kids. Obviously, this isn't a ton of cash to help a family on, and consequently they need to find a way to endure, which brings about greater expenses, and adding to the announcement of the significant expense of neediness. You must be rich to be poor. This is the thing that a few people, who have never lived underneath the neediness line, don’t comprehend. The more unfortunate you are, the more things cost. Extra strides in cash, time, bother, fatigue, and threat. This is an unavoidable truth that TV, magazines and media, don't frequently clarify. Take for instance, food. To start with, in the event that you don't have a vehicle, getting to the general store can take somewhere in the range of one to three hours of open transportation, and costing a cost to utilize the transport or a taxi. To utilize the strategy for open transportation, it is important to need to stack the entirety of your staple goods into the transport, or taxi. This is constraining to space and capacity of conveying the entirety of some staple goods. A more straightforward form of this is stroll to the corner store, for nothing, yet where the basic food item determination is constrained and costs are multiplied. â€Å"Prices in urban corner stores are quite often higher, business analysts state. What's more, some of the time, costs in grocery stores in more unfortunate neighborhoods are higher. A significant number of these stores charge more in light of the fact that the expense of working together in certain areas is higher.† (Brown, 2009) Also, in the event that you are living in neediness, you will probably not be bringing in enough cash to purchase $100 or increasingly worth of food supplies for your family. This outcomes in the individual or family going through more cash, to either get to the supermarket, or paying more for the food to set aside cash heading out to and from. At long last, it is a losing circumstance, and the p oor are paying more at long last than somebody who is affluent and approaches the essential assets. Going through more cash than working class, or well off class to purchase food supplies is one case of how high the expense of neediness is. In the event that the poor is going through cash in the corner stores, they are in all probability not getting nutritious nourishments or sound decisions that most corner stores don't convey. Heftiness is an immediate outcome from that, seeing that undesirable nourishments cost route not exactly smart dieting does.† Obesity and type 2 diabetes follow a financial inclination. Most elevated rates are seen among bunches with the least degrees of instruction and pay and in the most denied zones. Unjust access to solid nourishments is one instrument by which financial components impact the eating regimen and strength of a population†. (Drewnowski, 2009) Low pay levels leave individuals no decision yet to pick nourishments that are supplement poor, since it is a value that can bear the cost of and something they can loosen up among their e ntire family to take care of them. It is likewise the most ideal approach to give day by day calories at a moderate expense. The individuals who are battling monetarily are plainly the most burdened with regards to smart dieting propensities. In our supermarkets today we have such a significant number of counterfeit sugars, additives, fats and desserts that make certain to taste great, however not useful for our wellbeing. Fats and desserts will in general cost way less, where as solid nourishments cost more. It looks bad to have undesirable nourishments cost not exactly solid nourishments, yet it is the assembling and creation that decides the expense of food sources. In this manner, those wh

How students say SIPA lives up to its international reputation COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

How students say SIPA lives up to its international reputation COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog My name is Hisato Tamiya and I am a first-year MPA student. I am concentrating in International Finance and Economic Policy and specializing in Management. Three months have passed since I started my SIPA life. Before coming to SIPA, I felt uneasy because it was the first time I was leaving Japan to live in a foreign country; nonetheless, thanks to the Admission Committee’s dedicated help, I am really enjoying my SIPA life. In this column, my classmate Yoshihisa Kita and I will give you a snapshot about SIPA life. Huge Diversity: Where the World Connects This year SIPA’s degree programs have an entering class of  around 600 people from all over the world. I am excited to discuss a variety of topics with such diverse students. One of my favorite classes is “Politics of Policymaking” with Prof. Christopher Sabatini. In this class of around twenty people, we discuss a wide range of topics, such as foreign policy proposals for the next president, and policy proposals for India to implement conditional cash transfer. When we discussed how to create effective conditional cash transfer policies in India, our Indian classmates gave us concrete feedback. For instance, I was not knowledgeable about income inequality, living standards, and available statistics in India. These details are essential to make our discussion fruitful, and their advice enabled me to discuss policies as if I were in India as a member of a mission team for its development. In addition, I see these lively discussions between professors and students happening even in a large classes, like “Accounting for International Public Affairs” by Prof. Alan Brott. Moreover, all of my professors (including those who teach larger classes) work to remember all of our names and faces! When I studied and worked in Tokyo, I never experienced such diverse classes and active discussions, let alone have a professor work to get to know his or her students like my SIPA professors do. I can definitely say that SIPA is a place worthy of its catchphrase, “Where the World Connects.” Broad Option of Classes Since my concentration is International Finance and Economic Policy, I am taking these classes this semester: Politics of Policymaking Accounting for International Public Affairs International Finance Monetary Theory Decision Models Management Advanced Techniques in Excel Data Management and Analysis in Excel SIPA offers hundreds of courses each semester to accommodate the more than 1,000 SIPA students across our eight degree programs. In addition to wide range of classes in SIPA, we can also register for classes at the Columbia University Department of Economics, Columbia Law School, and Columbia Business School, for example. Students can also attend special lectures by renowned speakers, such as Ban Ki-moon and Robert Merton Solow. When I attended a special lecture by Ban Ki-moon, he lively illustrated his duties in his current job, which gave us concrete images to what it is like to work in intergovernmental organizations. Not only that, I was very impressed his words: “we, who implement public policies, always have to keep both passion and compassion. These great opportunities motivate us to work for public.” For me, it would be impossible to easily obtain these opportunities if I were in Tokyo. SIPA Community: Connect with Seeples In order to discuss public policy, we need friends to have heart-to-heart talks. I believe that SIPA is one of the best places to make magnificent friends and counterparts from around  the world. To connect with one another, the SIPA community has more than 40 clubs. I joined the Japan Study Student Association (JASSA), which shares with the SIPA  community the beauty of Japanese culture. We even help prospective students learn more about JASSA and SIPA by listing information on the JASSA website. (Recently, I posted about SIPA’s curriculum.) In the next half of this blog post JASSA , President Yoshihisa Kita will tell you more about JASSA as one aspect of SIPA life. JASSA Hi! Thank you, Hisato, for introducing me. I’m excited to share my experience in SIPA as a president of JASSA. There are several country/region specializing student bodies in SIPA. Among them, JASSA is focusing on Japanese culture, policy, and economy. This year, JASSA hosted a bunch of students-led events: a Japanese sake tasting, a roundtable on the mega-hit movie “Shin-Godzilla,” and a Japanese art workshop. JASSA doesn’t only offer cultural events, as we invite a lot of policy experts from outside the Columbia community to participate in the program, such as high-level governmental officials from the Ministry of Finance/Bank of Japan, or executives from Japan Railway. We are pleased to offer opportunities for students to hear directly  from those who work in the policy field in Japan. Last but not least, JASSA organizes our annual Japan Trip during spring break. This year, Japan Trip celebrated its 10th anniversary, bringing 45 students from 17 different countries to Japan. We traveled tirelessly through Kyoto to Tokyo as a one-week trip. We woke up at 4 am. to visit Tsukizi fish market, while staying up until midnight singing in karaoke. The trip impressed the participants so much that some of them totally changed their view toward Japan! I think JASSA’s activities represent one of the high points in SIPA life. Students with diversified backgrounds contribute to SIPA community in various ways. It also provides me with opportunities to look back at my home country with different points of view. I am ready to welcome you as a Seeple to share cultures. See you at SIPA, where the world connects.

Criminal Profiling Real Science of Just Wishful Thinking...

Criminal profiling is an investigative technique used by many law enforcement agencies notably the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in the analysis of elusive criminals through studying their criminal profiles. Profiling is usually done on basis of the type and nature of crime. Usually studies are conducted as to the offenders whereabouts and occupation before, during and after a particular crime was committed. After this, evidence is then combined against the different types of personalities and a fitting description of the criminal is able to be formulated. However, it is important to note that in any criminal profiling attempt, the criminal psychological mind must be described fully by their actions during and after the crime. For†¦show more content†¦If asked the same question, I would perhaps reply by insinuating that while it may actually be luck profiling really helps in the narrowing down of the list of possible offenders and thus in my opinion it is quite effec tive. The purpose of this paper is thus to analyze in detail, whether or not criminal profiling is beneficial or is it just real science of wishful thinking? How effective is Criminal Profiling in the Solving of Crimes? Many critics of criminal profiling presume that criminal profiles are usually too big to create the desired picture and that it takes a little more than common sense to successfully profile a criminal. If we are to acknowledge that profiling is a science, then it is only so because psychology as a science comes into focus in the solving of crimes. It is and has been proven possible, that the psychological study of people helps in the determination of their behavioral dispositions accurately. Going from this statement, it is thus of importance to realize the fact that criminal profiling is a major asset to many law enforcement agencies as some crimes are just not ordinary, and require specific studies into their nature for a proper profile to be acquired. It should be noted that normal police investigations depend largely on the criminal’s motif. So what happens if there is no motifShow MoreRelatedCrimnal Profiling, Science or Not?1847 Words   |  8 Pagesin â€Å"Criminal Profiling: Science or Not† Jennifer Dean Forensic Psychology Tcherni November 2012 The FBI officially began criminal profiling in 1970; the profiling program was introduced by Howard Teton. However, this is not where criminal profiling began. The first verified introductions to profiling were demonization of the Jews, witches and puritans; some dating back to 1144. (Turvey 2011) Criminal profiling is the tool of investigation used by skilled law enforcement professionals

Definitions of War of the Worlds Essay Topics

Definitions of War of the Worlds Essay Topics Second is to learn your reader in order to have the thought of the topic you're likely to write. The well-known D-Day landing happened on June 6, 1944 stating the beginning of the operation Overlord. It was very dangerous to leave the trench because if any movement was seen on both sides, he command was supposed to shoot. The most important problem happens when a student is assigned with a topic together with a word length. If you'd like to create a similar speech, you may also incorporate a list of toxic substances and provide the details on how they affect the surroundings. Fill in the purchase form and you'll get your special interview essay in no moment! The admission officer is a wise person. Only time might have allowed him to find that info. New Questions About War of the Worlds Essay Topics In some instances, the college will give an essay topic for you. To compose a strong argumentative essay, students should start b y familiarizing themselves with a number of the common, and frequently conflicting, positions on the research topic so they can write an educated paper. Analysis essays are known to be among the hardest to write. Students will have to do research so as to compose full essays for each topic. The 30-Second Trick for War of the Worlds Essay Topics The rumor was checked and shown to be inaccurate. The researched material needs to be read carefully as a way to take out the notes. Don't forget to read the directions carefully since there are often clues in the questions. In the writing it's crucial that you answer the question and don't attempt to modify the question at all. Writing a humorous essay is just one of the most effective ways to continue to keep your readers engrossed. To begin with, your motivation for a writer is affected by the essay topic you select. To develop a fantastic bit of writing, one needs to be craft a very good introduction since it is the very first thing a reader reads after the subject of the war essay. Don't forget that each and every statement you make in your essay has to be proved. In case the interview went well, it is going to be simple to compose an interview essay. Pay attention to the proper spelling when you proofread your essay. An analysis essay is a type of persuasive essay. Hearsay, Lies and War of the Worlds Essay Topics Politics is another crucial contributor to the start of war and conflict. The USA came from the war significantly strengthened. For instance, the Hitler's army was able to conquer one of the strongest states in Europe, France. Another important political broadcast focused on the problem of Czechoslovakia. The show made headlines in virtually every significant American news publication. It proved to individuals all around the globe that given the right circumstances media can create and shape public perceptions. The political effect on literature cannot be ignored. Have a focus on what you're doing and always don't forget that you are abl e to bring out the finest in you. At exactly the same time, detecting cause and effect relationships isn't that easy in regards to the selection of an excellent cause and effect essay topic. It is essential that you expand your answers and demonstrate a wide selection of grammatical structures and vocabulary. The Nuiances of War of the Worlds Essay Topics Discuss methods by which war is beneficial to a society. Last words of advice here is that you also have to read about the other religions in order to find a better mastery of the term religion. The third source of world war II was the growth of Fascism. The last cause of world war II was an immediate result from each one of the prior causes, and that's the rearmament of all of the European powers. The Debate Over War of the Worlds Essay Topics The college essay is among the most significant facets of your college application. One of the greatest ways we've found to help is by giving a selection of college essay examples. One of the most important skills that has to be proven is one's capacity to simply compose a college essay. If you are in possession of a wonderful topic for your next writing task, you will come to find it simpler to begin your writing with creative and associated ideas that keep on flowing. The One Thing to Do for War of the Worlds Essay Topics Fear A significant facet of The War of the Worlds is the notion of fear. In truth, it is an amazing trait which should be cultivated by everyone. There isn't any doubt that terrorism has a profound influence on the world. The narrator is trying to survive and does not have any idea if he will or how.

Oxidative Stress and Diabetic Nephropathy Free Essays

Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a chronic non-communicable condition resulting in high levels of glucose in the blood. It occurs due to inability of the beta cells in pancreas islet tissue to produce enough insulin, or when the body becomes resistant to insulin. It reduces both quality and length of life and over time leads to serious complications such as coronary heart disease, stroke, neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy. We will write a custom essay sample on Oxidative Stress and Diabetic Nephropathy or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are two main types of diabetes mellitus: Type 1 diabetes: also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), early-onset and juvenile diabetes. It is an autoimmune disease and results from destruction of insulin producing beta cells in islet tissues of pancreas by the body’s immune system. The subsequent lack of insulin results in high blood glucose levels, which if not controlled by exogenous insulin results in multiple organ damage. Type 2 diabetes: formerly called non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM) and adult-onset. It is a metabolic disorder that mainly occurs in individuals over the age of 40. In this type of diabetes high blood glucose results either due to relative insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. Lifestyle and genetic factors play an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a growing problem among the elderly population and is widely predicted to grow in the future. Since the population is aging in the western world, so it is not surprising that elderly population will contribute to future increase but other factors such as lifestyle and diet will also play a major role. WHO survey 2010 estimated that 285 million of the world’s population have diabetes and more than 70% of them live in low and middle income countries. It is also estimated that this burden will increase to 438 million by 2030 (Diabetes fact, 2011). Wild 2004 projected that the total number of individuals with diabetes worldwide will increase from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million 2030. Although the prevalence of diabetes is higher in men compared to women but there are more women with diabetes than men. In developing countries type 2 diabetes mainly affects people of working age, between 35 and 64 years, whereas in developed countries the majority of people with diabetes are above the age of retirement i.e. above 65 years of age (WDD06 – Karachi, 2006). India has the largest diabetes world’s population i.e. 50.8 million followed by China with 43.2 million ( Express news report, 2009). In Europe prevalence of clinically diagnosed diabetes was estimated to be 3% in 1997. It was estimated to increase to around 3.6% by 2000 and to over 4% by 2010 (Scottish Diabetes Survey 2003). In UK 4.26 % of population has diabetes according to the Diabetes UK statistics (Diabetes prevalence 2010). Scottish Diabetic Survey, 2010, projects that 4.6% of Scotland population has diabetes out of which 87.7% have type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is also at an increase among children. Diabetes amongst children is primarily Type 1 diabetes but Type 2 diabetes is also increasingly being diagnosed. One of the major contributing factors for this rise in diabetes among children is the increase in the number of children who are overweight or obese. â€Å"Twenty five children in every 100,000 in Scotland have diabetes, compared to 17 in England and Wales.† An increase in this at a rate of 2% per years has been suggested by Diabetes UK in Scotland, as a result tripling of new cases in the last 30 years has been seen (ABPI Report Scotland, 2005). Economic burden of Diabetes for families and society: Diabetes and its complications have a significant economic impact on individuals, families, health systems and countries. For example, WHO estimates that in the period 2006-2015, China will need to allocate $558 billion in foregone national income due to heart disease, stroke and diabetes alone and India will spend $336.6 billion (Diabetes, 2011). â€Å"In the poorest countries, people with diabetes and their families bear almost the whole cost of the medical care they can afford.† In Latin America, 40-60% of medical care expenditures is paid by the families themselves. In Mozambique, 75% of the per capita income is spent on diabetic care by one person; in Mali it amounts to 61%; Vietnam is 51% and Zambia 21%. It is estimated that poor people with diabetes in some developing countries spend as much as 25% of their annual income on private care (Diabetes fact. April 2011). The trend of diabetes in developing countries show that it mostly affects working age group, between 35 and 64 years, relative to developed countries where the majority of diabetes population are aging. Therefore when principal wage earner is affected by diabetes and its complications, the choice between healthcare expenses and food or clothing can trap the whole family in a downward spiral of worsening poverty and health. According to WHO, an annual 2% reduction in chronic disease death rates in Pakistan would provide an economic gain of 1 billion dollars over the next 10 years (WDD06 – Karachi, 2006). The cost incurred by diabetes morbidity are far greater than the cost of the disease prevention (Editorial in Lancet: World Diabetes Day 14th November, 2010). In a press report by the independent economic consultancy group NERA it is assessed that intensive management of Type 2 diabetes in Scotland can decrease hospital cost by ?41 million by saving over 91,000 bed days a year in 2025 and will also save ?78 million a year in lost work days (ABPI Report Scotland, 2005). Diabetic Nephropathy: The diabetic complication, nephropathy is a condition with high unmet therapeutic needs. It is linked with significant increases in morbidity and mortality risk, and is the most common cause of ESRD in the Western countries. Diabetes-induced damage in the kidney leads to microalbuminuria. This progresses to ESRD, which requires dialysis or transplantation. Diabetes accounts for over 40% of ESRD (Diabetic Nephropathy, 2003). The main focus of therapy in diabetic nephropathy is on tight control of blood pressure. Guidelines have progressively revised the target BP goal downwards, currently at 125/75 mmHg in patients with 1g proteinuria, and now recommend either ACE or ARB (Diabetic Nephropathy, 2003). In the U.S., diabetic nephropathy accounts for about 40% of new cases of ESRD. In 1997 the cost required for treatment of diabetic patients having ESRD amounts to $15.6 billion. There is considerable racial/ethnic variability in this regard, Native Americans, Hispanics (especially Mexican-Americans), and African-Americans have much higher risks of developing ESRD than non-Hispanic whites with type 2 diabetes (Mark, 2001). In the UK, 1,000 people with diabetes start kidney dialysis every year. (Diabetes in the UK, 2004). Ahmedani 2005 reports that in Karachi, Pakistan overall prevalence of microalbuminuria was found to be 34% in patients with diabetes and this was strongly associated with the age, diastolic hypertension, diabetic retinopathy and serum low density lipoprotein. End stage renal disease is a most serious complication of diabetes and accounts to be the most expensive for NHS. Diabetic nephropathy usually develops 15-25 years after the occurrence of diabetes. In Scotland, 20% of patients who undergo renal transplantation are diabetic. In diabetic individuals, microalbuminuria and stroke, or an increased serum creatinine levels raises the risk of renal nephropathy and failure. Poor glycemic control and high blood pressure are risk factors of diabetic renal disease (Scottish Diabetes Framework, 2002). Diabetic renal impairment is a strong indicator of Cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality is diabetic patients (Guillausseau, 2011). Annual cardiovascular mortality is 0.7% in normoalbuminuric patient as compared to 2% in microalbuminuric patients and 12% in the patient with elevated creatinine (Stratton IM, 2009) In a review by Vishwanathan, 1999, it is explained that South Asians and Afro-Caribbean are more susceptible to develop renal disease relative to European. Retinopathy increases the risk of diabetic nephropathy. Prevalence of diabetic nephropathy in India was 30.3% in a study done among 4837 patients with chronic renal failure over a period of 10 years. He further argued that an increased prevalence of microalbuminurea among South Asians having type 2 diabetes mellitus relative to Europeans by 1.2 (men) and 1.7 (women) folds. According to SIGN 116, the incidence of diabetic nephropathy in patient with type 1 diabetes can be considerably reduced by attaining good glycaemic and tight blood pressure control.  ­ In a report by Singh NP, 2003, it is suggested that the incidence of diabetic kidney disease can be reduced by: tight blood glucose control, blood pressure control, rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade and protein restriction. Causes of microvascular damage in diabetes: Long standing hyperglycemia lead to a number of damages including: Advanced glycosylated end products (AGES) Oxidative stress Increased sorbitol (polyol pathway) Increase in hexosamine pathway Impaired endothelial function Immune effect All these damages result in microvascular complications of diabetes. Advanced glycosylated end-products (AGEs): Chronic hyperglycemia causes increased glycosylation of proteins leading to AGEs, which in turn results in loss of structure and function, turning on/off signal pathways within cells and alteration in gene expression. AGEs are sugar-derived compounds, glucose binds amino groups on proteins, lipids and nucleic acids to form AGEs. AGEs form at a constant but slow rate throughout your life (even as an embryo) (Peppa et al, 2003). AGEs interact with RAGE (surface AGE-binding receptors) resulting in proinflammatory effects, formation reactive oxygen species, loss of oxidants (oxidative stress) and altered gene transcription. Levels of AGEs relates to extent of microvascular complications in diabetes. AGEs contributes to atheromatous plaque by stimulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and the deposition of oxidized LDL. AGEs leads to endothelial dysfunction, macrophage activation, and impaired vascular smooth muscle cell function. Experimentally, AGEs cause glomerular damage and proteinuria. Oxidative stress and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): Oxidative stress is an imbalance between ROS production and antioxidants. Oxygen is used by cells to carry out their normal functions and as a side effect produces free radicals. Free radicals are missing an electron so are unstable and highly reactive. Free radicals steal electrons from molecules within cells causing oxidative damage to proteins, membranes and genes. Polyol pathway/aldose reductase: Aldose reductase (AR) normally reduces toxic aldehydes into inactive alcohols inside the cells. Glucose perfuses into some cells without insulin e.g. nerves. During hyperglycaemic condition, AR reduces that excess glucose to sorbitol (a polyol). Polyols are trapped inside the cells creating an osmotic gradient. Sodium and water flow into the cell resulting in oedema. But sorbitol can be metabolised to fructose by the actions of sorbitol dehydrogenase. High fructose leads to AGEs resulting in more cell damage (Takaqi et al, 1995). Hexosamine pathway: Glucose is mainly metabolised through glycolysis, some gets diverted into an alternative pathway, ending up as UDP (urine diphosphate) N-acetyl glucosamine. This alters transcription factors, often leading to pathologic changes in gene expression e.g. increased expression of transforming growth factor-B1 and plaminogen activator inhibitor-1, which damages blood vessels. Endothelial dysfunction – pathogenesis: Hyperglycemia leading to the formation of AGEs, ROS, the glycosylation of proteins and increased inflammatory cytokines etc. As a result small blood vessels, particularly the endothelium are damaged causing vasoconstriction, ischemia, and reduced flow to tissues that rely on the vessel for oxygen and nutrients. Growth factors are also released leading to the blood vessel wall thickening and occlusion of small blood vessels. Nerve growth factors (NGF) and factors like it are damaged. These factors keep nerves healthy and capable of re-growth if damaged. Changes to the immune system lead to release of toxic cytokines, blockage of blood vessels with leukocytes and loss of normal immune cell action. In this dissertation, a recent aspect of one of the above causes of microvascular damage of diabetes leading to nephropathy will be considered. Current studies have uncovered new insights in the role of oxidative stress in diabetic renal disease, suggesting a different and innovative approach to a possible â€Å"casual† antioxidant therapy. In this dissertation the role oxidative stress may play in the development of diabetic kidney disease will be discussed. The role of antioxidant therapy in managing or delaying the progression of diabetic nephropathy will be addressed. 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Available at: http://www.datamonitor.com/Products/Free/Brief/BFHC0625/010BFHC0625.pdf Express news report, India has largest number of diabetes patients: Report (2009) http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-has-largest-number-of-diabetes-patient/531240/ Diabetes in the UK 2004, www.diabetes.org.uk/Documents/Reports/in_the_UK_2004.doc Guillausseau, (2011) Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk: kidney function is pivota. Available at: http://www.diafocus.com/2011/01/11/type-2-diabetes-and-cardiovascular-risk-kidney-function-is-pivotal/ Peppa M, Uribarri J, Vlassara H, 2003, Glucose, Advanced Glycation End Products, and Diabetes Complications: What is New and What Works. Available at: http://clinical.diabetesjournals.org/content/21/4/186.full Stratton IM, (2009) Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): Prospective observational study Available at: http://articulos.sld.cu/medicinainterna/files/2009/10/association-of-glycaemia-with-macrovascular-and-microvascular.pdf Scottish Diabetes Framework. (2002) Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2002/04/14452/1986 Scottish Diabetes Survey 2003, Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/10/20023/44203 Singh NP, Singh D, 2003, Diabetes Mellitus – An Overview For Family Physicians. Available at: http://delhimedicalcouncil.nic.in/diabetes-mellitus.html Sign 116, Available at: http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign116.pdf Scottish Diabetes Survey 2010, Available at: http://www.diabetesinscotland.org.uk/Publications/Scottish%20Diabetes%20Survey%202010.pdf Takaqi Y, Kashiwaqi A, Tanaka Y, Asahina T, Kikkawa R, Shigeta Y, 1995, Significance of fructose-induced protein oxidation and formation of advanced glycation end product. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7599353 Viswanathan V, (1999) Type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy in India—magnitude of the problem. Available at: http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/content/14/12/2805.full WILD S et al, (2004) Global Prevalence of Diabetes. Available at: http://www.who.int/diabetes/facts/en/diabcare0504.pdf WDD06 – Karachi, (2006). Diabetes kills without distinction. Available at: http://www.idf.org/wdd06-karachi How to cite Oxidative Stress and Diabetic Nephropathy, Essay examples

Rebellion Essays (1749 words) - American People Of German Descent

Rebellion ?Rebellion in the Fifties? During the Fifties the United States was filled with confidence but at the same time insecurity. The United States emerged from WWII as a global superpower and a symbol for freedom. The United States saw its role in world affairs as the protector of free countries from communism. The fear of communism expansionism during the fifties was a major issue. Communism represented radical thinking and ideas, a shift away from conservatism thinking or a shift away from the center, to a shift towards the edge. During the Fifties the fear of communism spreading in America gave rise to movements such as McCarthyism and the House on un-American Activities (HUAC). These movements represented the feelings of Americans towards communism at the time, they represented fear and the way to contain their fears was to weed out the bad seeds. These movements created a shift towards the center again, towards conservatism. This trend towards the center or conservatism can be seen in all aspects of American l ife. Not only was conservatism evident in the Fifties, but also rebellion. The push to be conservative and persecute individualism was an immense undertaking that it created fear and out of that fear came rebellion. In any controlled environment, such as the one the United States created for itself during the Fifties, there is bound to be some kind of tension or rebellion, rebellion against the pressure of being normal or conservative. There was a great deal of stress being placed on being ?just like everyone else?. The voice of the rebellion was usually the entertainers, artists, or writers. Many of these people expressed their feelings about current issues by disguising it in their stories, movies or, paintings. Many of these people challenged the politics of the mainstream or the center. However there were works done that supported the shift towards the center and conservatism. Three works that will be examined are Kurt Vonnegut's, ?Player Piano?, the movie, ?Rebel Without a Cause?, and Jack Kerouac's, ?On the Road?. In Kurt Vonnegut's novel, ?Player Piano?, many similarities can be seen between the post-war period in the novel and post WWII in America. In post WWII America there was an extreme shift towards conservatism and an extreme prejudice towards communism. In the post-war period in the novel there was also an extreme shift towards conservatism, but instead of an extreme prejudice towards communism there was an extreme prejudice towards sabotage. Sabotage and communism can be interchangeable because they both mean radical change or thinking and were ideas or acts that were against conformity and conservatism. Vonnegut used sabotage in place of communism to better describe the situation in his novel, but was actually using his novel to describe the current situation in America. During post WWII, communism was a lurking threat in the world and in America. Many feared that communism would expand its influences into America. This was the same fear that was depicted in Vonnegut's novel, but ins tead of the fear of communism it was a fear of sabotage. In the novel Vonnegut used terms such as ?anti-sabotage laws? and saboteur. In America there was McCarthyism, HUAC, Executive order 9835, and communist. The worst thing anyone could be called during the fifties was a communist, or in Vonnegut's novel, a saboteur because it meant that they were a rebel. Another similarity would be the growing dependence on technology like the atom bomb and EPICAC. They both represent how we have become dependent on technology to fight our wars and do our thinking. The development of Levittowns was also described in the novel as M-17's and how everyone lived in one. Everyone had the same house, had the same furniture, and had the same appliances. In essence everyone was the same, they just had different names. It was these kinds of trends that Vonnegut wrote about to warn the American population of what was happening around them. Vonnegut noted these trends in American society in his novel, predicting what could happen if society continued on this path. America was developing a trend where individuals were no longer recognized; only the whole mattered. Everyone had to be part of the system, if you were not part of the system then